Subjugation of Central Asia

I. Phase I—Steppe Region and Syr-Daria Line

A. Official Control

B. Voluntary submission and “allegiance”

II. Phase II

A. Subjugation of Khanates of Kokand, Khiva, and Bukhara

B. Search for defensible frontiers

Kokand

I. Decision to close the defensive gap

II. Cherniaev’s reconnaissance mission

III. Conquest of Kokand

A. Capture of Tashkent

IV. Cherniaev named military governor, Feb 1865

V. Miliutin’s opposition

Bukhara

I. Romanovski

II. Battle of Yedshar

III. General von Kaufman and Samarkand

IV. Battle of Zerabulak

V. Khiva also submits

Turkistan

I. von Kaufman becomes Governor General

II. Subjugation of the Yomud Turkoman

III. Subjugation of the Teke Turkoman of the Akhal oasis

A. Lazarev/Lomankin expedition to Geok-Tepe, 1879

B. Skobelev’s expedition

1) Annenkov’s Railroad

2) Siege of Geok-Tepe

3) Massacre of Teke Turkomans

Russian Civil War

I. Reds, Whites, Peasants, Subject Nationalities

II. Lenin’s “Declaration of Rights to the Peoples of Russia and the Muslim Tribes of Russia and the East”

III. Improvised Armies

A. Growth of Trostky’s Red Army

IV. Fluidity of fronts

V. Advantage for Cavalry

Suppression of National Separatist Movements

I. Khiva becomes the Khorezm Soviet Republic

II. Bukhara falls, Sep 1920-Spring 1921

A. Basmachi keep fighting

III. Azerbaijan, April 1920

IV. Georgia, Feb 1921