Europe and the World at the End of the Eighteenth Century

I. The Great Powers

A. Great Britain

B. France

C. Russia

D. Austria/Austria-Hungary

E. Prussia/Germany

II. What makes a Great Power?

III. “The Other” Powers

A. China

B. Ottoman Empire

The French Revolution and Its International Implications

I. The Fall of the Bastille, 14 July 1789

II. International opportunity

A. Pitt’s spending cuts for Britain

B. Partitions of Poland

C. Frederick Wilhelm’s maneuvers

D. Leopold’s inaction

III. Shifts in policies

A. Franz II’s belligerence in Austria

B. Pro-war Girondins ascendant in France

C. War between France and Austro-Prussian coalition, 20 April 1792

IV. French set-backs

V. Allies fail to seize the initiative

VI. Jacobins gain ascendance in France, establish revolutionary Commune

VII. Louis XVI overthrown 10 August 1792

VIII. September Massacres

VIII. Louis XVI killed, January 1793

War of the French Revolution

(1793-95)

I. French military successes in Savoy, the Rhineland and Belgium

II. Formation of First Coalition

A. Britain, Holland, Spain, Sardinia, Naples, Prussia, and Austria

III. Levée en masse

A. Total War

IV. Problems with First Coalition

A. Partitions of Poland

B. Lack of Allied commitment

V. Britain stands alone

A. “British way in warfare”

1) Naval Supremacy

2) Mahan’s “virtuous triangle”

B. French continental hegemony

VI. Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasion of Egypt

A. Battle of the Nile

B. Horatio Nelson

C. Napoleon’s Egyptian “bondage”

IV. Second Coalition

A. Russian addition

1) Paul I and the Knights of Malta

B. War aims

C. Weaknesses of the coalition(s)

D. Russian subtraction

1) Paul’s march on India

V. Britain stands alone, again

A. Armed Neutrality League

B. Peace of Amiens, March 1802