Empires

I. Land-based Empires

II. Sea-based, trade oriented “Modern Empires”

III. “New” Imperialism

A. Informal vs. formal empire

IV. Gold, G-d, Glory

V. European technological superiority

Africa and the Victorians

I. Britain and Gladstone—“The Reluctant Imperialists”

A. Egypt

B. The Sudan

1) The Mahdi

2) Chinese Gordon

3) Khartoum

Enter Germany

I. Bismarck’s Africa

II. Congo

A. King Leopold II of Belgium

B. International Association of the Congo

III. Berlin West African Conference, 1884-85

A. “effective control”

IV. The Scramble for Africa

The Scramble

I. Nigeria

A. National African Company

B. Royal Niger Company

II. “The Paper Partition”

III. West Africa

IV. East Africa and the Defense of India

A. Anglo-German Colonial Agreement, 1 July 1890

China

I. British trade and interests

II. “Open Door” Policy

III. Sino-Japanese War, 1894-95

IV. Treaty of Shimonoseki, 17 Apr 1895

A. Liaotung Peninsula and Port Arthur