Sardinia and Cavour

I. Crimean War

II. Plombières Agreement, 20 Jul 1858

III. Austrian ultimatum, 23 Apr 1859

IV. Peace of Villafranca, 11 Jul 1859

V. Treaty of Turin, 24 Mar 1860

Garibaldi and the South

I. "Thousand Red Shirts" in Sicily, Apr 1860

II. Successes and threats

III. Sardinia marches south

IV. Kingdom of Italy created, 17 Mar 1861

A. King Victor Emmanuel II

Postscript

I. Venetia, 1866

II. Rome, 1870

Pre-Bismarck

I. Germanic Confederation, 1815

II. Schleswig-Holstein Question, 1848

II. Austrian advantages and disadvantages

III. Prussian advantages and disadvantages

A. Zollverein

B. Junker dominated military

IV. Frederick Wilhelm IV

V. "Humiliation of Ölmütz," Nov 1850

VI. Wilhelm and the Constitutional Crisis

V. Enter Otto von Bismarck

"Struggle for Mastery in Germany"

I. Polish revolt

II. Schleswig-Holstein Crisis

A. Treaty of Vienna, 30 Oct 1864

B. Convention of Gastein, 14 Aug 1865

III. Agreement at Biarritz, Oct 1865

IV. Prussian military revolution

V. Austro-Prussian War, 1866

A. Battle of Königgrätz

B. Peace of Prague, 23 Aug 1866

"Struggle for Mastery in Western Europe"

I. Napoleon III’s request for Belgium and Luxembourg

II. Hohenzollern candidacy for Spanish throne

III. Franco-Prussian War

A. Fall of Second Empire, 4 Sep 1870

B. Fall of Paris, 28 Jan 1871

C. Frankfurt Treaty 10 May 1871

IV. Proclamation of German Empire, 18 Jan 1871

V. Alsace and Lorraine