Spanish Revolution

I. King Ferdinand VII

II. Constitution of 1812

III. Army revolt

IV. International reaction

Neapolitan Revolution

I. King Ferdinand I

II. Army revolt

III. Congress of Troppau

A. Troppau Protocol, 15 Nov 1820

IV. Congress of Laibach

V. Revolt in Piedmont –Sardinia

Spanish Question Redux

I. Congress of Verona, October 1822

II. Ultraroyalist push for French unilateral intervention

III. Russian push for collective intervention

IV. Metternich’s call for simultaneous notes

V. Spain ignores the notes

VI. Canning’s April 1823 Declaration

VII. France restores the Bourbons

Spanish Colonial Question—Exclusion

I. British involvement

II. Anglo-American discussions

III. John Quincy Adams’s policies

IV. Monroe Doctrine, 2 Dec 1823