Spring Quarter 2005
History 111: The History of Western Civilization from Ancient
Times to the mid-seventeenth century
Lecturer:
Geoffrey Parker
Office
hours: Tuesdays 2-3:15 in DH 167; Wednesdays 3-4 in
____________________________________________________________________________
Required
textbooks: John P. McKay, John Buckler and Bennett D. Hill, A history of Western society, 8th
edition, vol. I; Perry Rogers, Aspects of
Western Civilization, 5th edn., vol. I; The Prentice Hall Atlas of Western Civilization
__________________________________________________________________________________
Lecture topics and assignments
Date Topic Textbook
Chapters ____________________________________________________________________________
Week
I: The origins of Western Civilization
Mar 28 Before
the first farmers chs.
1-2
Mar 30 The
Neolithic and Urban Revolutions
Apr 1 The
Bronze Age empires, the Hebrews and Crete
Week
II: Greece and Rome
Apr 4 The
Greeks chs.
3-5
Apr 6 Hellenistic
Culture
Apr 8 The
rise of Roman power
Week
III: Europe emerges
Apr 11 Imperial
Rome chs.
5-7
Apr 13 Rome
in crisis
Apr 15 The
rise of Christianity
Week
IV: The Early Middle Ages
Apr 18 The
making of
Apr 20 Charlemagne
and his enemies
Apr 22 Europe
recovers
Week
V: The High Middle Ages
Apr 25 The
church triumphant ch.
9, 11
Apr 27 MID-TERM EXAM
Apr 29 The
Age of the Crusades Week VI:
May 2 The
twelfth century chs.
10-11
May 4 Feudal
Europe: church and state
May 6 The
Black Death
Week
VII: Life and death
May 9 The
Renaissance ch.
13
May 11 Renaissance
Society
May 13 The
facts of life
Week
VIII: The Age of Reformation
May 16 The
quality of life chs.
14
May 18 The
Reformation
May 20 Reactions
to the Reformation
Week IX: The birth of modern freedom
May 23 The
empire of Charles V ch.
14, 15
May 25 Philip
II and the Dutch Revolt [Term paper due]
May 27 The
Thirty Years War
Week
X: Europe and the Wider World?
May 30 Memorial Day (no class)
June 1 Europe
expands ch. 15
June 3
Exam
Week
June 8 Final Exam, 11:30-1:18
Discussion
Section Syllabi (by Discussion Section Leader’s last name)
Map - This is a blank copy of the map that will be used for the exams.
Course components and conventions
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1. Three lectures per week: MWF
11.30-12.18 in Hitchcock Hall 131
2. Two recitation sections per week.
Attendance at and participation in sections is worth 15 percent of the total
grade for the course; completion of assigned recitation exercises is worth a
further 15 percent. Missing five or more
recitation sections without an acceptable excuse will imperil your grade.
3. One paper on documents in Aspects of Western Civilization, worth
30 percent of the total grade for the course, due on May 25. Late papers submitted without an acceptable
excuse will be penalized 5 per cent per day (weekends included.)
4. A mid-term exam, taken in the lecture
hour on April 27 for 15 percent of the total grade for the course. It will consist of a map quiz (5 per cent of
the total grade,) and three essays of which you must answer one (10 per cent of
the total grade.)
5. A final exam (one hour and 48
minutes) for 25 per cent of the grade for the course, consisting of a map quiz
(5 per cent of the total grade;) three essays taken from course work between 29
April and 3 June,) of which you must answer one (10 per cent of the total
grade); and three essays covering issues arising from the course as a whole, of
which you must answer one (10 per cent of the total grade).
6. Paperback
editions of the three books are available in bookstores. The recitation sections will cover the
material contained in them and in the lectures; so will the exams.
7. Students
must take the mid-term and final exams in class at the time scheduled. A request for a “make-up exam” will be
considered only for a documented illness or a documented family emergency. No exam will be given before the scheduled
time.
8. You are
forewarned that any case of academic misconduct will be referred to the
appropriate University committee. For
information on plagiarism and writing handouts see: http://cstw.ohio-state.edu/writing_center/handouts/index.htm
9. Students
with questions about their grades must submit a letter in writing to their
section leaders BEFORE approaching the
lecturer about grading issues.
10. All
students with disabilities who need accommodations should see Geoffrey Parker
privately during his office hours to make arrangements.
11. All students must be officially enrolled in
the course by the end of the second full week of the quarter. The department chairs will approve no
requests to add the course after that time.
Enrolling officially and on time is solely the responsibility of each
student.
Lecture outlines and exam study questions for History
111, Spring 2005
Instructor: Geoffrey Parker
1 Before Civilization (4 million BC to 10,000
BC)
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The
Paleolithic Age
I.
The five key events in human history: emergence of homo sapiens; end of the ice
age; neolithic revolution; urban revolution; industrial revolution.
2.
Towards the Neolithic [= “new stone age’]
The
end of ice age (c 10,000 BC) produced a population explosion and new survival
strategies, above all farming. Problems of assessing this key development:
difficulties of excavation patterns, of preservation, of dating, of
interpretation.
The
end of the Ice Age and the beginning of history
2.
The Neolithic and Urban Revolutions (10,000 BC to 2500 BC)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
I.
The Neolithic Revolution
Agriculture
and animal husbandry both allowed the size of the human population to increase
and created a network of permanent settlements in four distinct areas:
1.
In Near East (c 7000 BC),
2.
In China (Yellow River, 5000 BC; Yangtze, 4000 BC);
3.
In
4.
In the
This
in turn led to:
(i)
more people;
(ii)
more goods;
(iii)
division of labor;
(iv)
social hierarchy;
(v)
cities.
II. The urban revolution
1) c 3500 BC - Mesopotamia (Tigris/Euphrates)
2) c 3100 BC -
3) c 3000 BC - W.
4) c 2500 BC -
III
The Spread Of Writing
A:
“Sound Writing” (e.g. Egyptian Hieroglyphs: C. 3000 BC); “Syllabic Script”
(each sign represents a sound: Sumerian Cuneiform: C. 3000 BC; “Linear A”,
Crete c. 1700-1600 BC; “Linear B” Crete and Mycenean Greece c. 1450 - 1150 BC
B:
“Thought Writing”: Alphabets (small
number of letters rearranged to form different words) e.g. Phoenician: c.
1700-1500 BC (consonants only); Greek c. 800-700 BC (first with vowel sounds)
3.
The Bronze Age empires, the Hebrews and
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
I. Sargon of
II.
The empires collapse
(a) The first wave: Indus states fell c 2000 BC; Babylon and Egypt c 1600 BC
(b)
The second wave: Assyrians vs Middle East, “Sea Peoples” vs Egypt c 1200 BC
III.
The Hebrews
Moses
and Exodus; the making of the Old Testament
(a)
the Torah
(b)
the Babylonian captivity and Isaiah
IV.
Minoan Crete and Mycenae
4. The Greeks (1200 BC to 335 BC)
-------------------------------------------------------–––––––––––––––
I. Mycenae
- spread of the Greeks 1200-750; Homer; end of
the “Greek Dark Ages”
II. The “polis” (pl = “poleis”)
III.
The culture of the “polis”
1.
medicine (HIPPOCRATES 460-377)
2.
history (THUCYDIDES 460-400)
3.
maths and music (PYTHAGORAS 580-497)
4.
philosophy (SOCRATES 470-399; PLATO
427-347; ARISTOTLE 387-322)
5.
drama (SOPHOCLES 496-406)
6.
architecture and art (PARTHENON, built 447-438)
5. Hellenic Culture (335 BC to 27 BC)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
I. The Greek achievement in perspective
a)
the slaves and the polis
b) Athenian and Spartan imperialism (the
“Delian League”)
c) the Peloponnesian War (431-404).
II. The rise of Macedon
a)
Philip II (359-36)
b)
Alexander the Great (336-23)
III.
Achievement of the Hellenistic Age
a)
example to others
b)
extension of Greek cultural sphere - poleis in East; Koiné, the
new universal language
c)
new trading opportunities
d)
new knowledge - geographical [Ptolemy];
scientific
e) opened the way for
6.
The rise of Roman power 509 BC – 14 AD
___________________________________________________________
I.
Small beginnings
a)
509 BC Rome declares independence from ETRUSCANS à city state (c 350 sq. m.)
b)
330 - 264 Rome conquers Greek colonies in S. Italy à 10,000 sq. m.
(and her allies 42,000 sq.m. ).
c)
PUNIC WARS (264-41 and 221-202
II.
Republican imperialism 202 - 133 BC
i)
expansion North (
ii)
new wealth à structural crisis of Republican government:
III.
The fall of the Republic 133 - 27 BC
a)
more conquests à more citizens à more problems
b)
The failed dictators: Sulla, Pompey, Caesar, Mark Antony.
IV. Pax Romana
27 BC - 14 AD
a)
Octavian à Augustus and the principate: auctoritas v. potestas.
7. Imperial Rome (14- 304 AD)
__________________________________________________________________
I.
Imperial Zenith
a)
Vespasian and the “preclusive strategy”
b)
Pax Romana: 100 m people wnjoyed peace
for 200 years
II.
The “Pax Romana”: A golden Age for whom?
III.
Crisis and recovery 184-304 AD
a)
“fun” emperors: Caligula (k 41), Commodus (k 192), Elagabalus (k 222)
b)
Septimus Severus (193-211) and the rise of “barracks emperors”
c)
Diocletian (284-304), the army and the “tetrarchs”
8:
Rome in Crisis (300-550 AD)
I
Collapse in the West
406-7:
Rhine frontier breached;
410:
Rome sacked by Visigoths
455:
Rome sacked by Vandals
476:
last Roman emperor in the West deposed
546:
Rome itself abandoned
II
Why?
A.
Extrinsic causes: strength of invaders
B.
Intrinsic causes: weakness of defenders
1.
Plague; 2. inflation; 3. poor leaders -- unconvincing
4.
overtaxation; 5. lack of public spirit -- insufficient
II
The military explanation
(a)
Trajan’s column (erected c. 115)
(b)
Rome’s two military techniques: (i) “bellum romanum” (ii) the tribute economy
(the example of Vindolanda, N. England, 100-130 AD)
(c)
defense in depth (especially in West, 275-375 AD).
9:
The rise of Christianity (c. 1-400 AD)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
I. Christianity
1.
One of only 7 world religions: Zoroastrianism; Hinduism, Buddhism; Taoism,
Confucianism; Judaism, Christianity, Islam.
2.
Jesus and mainstream Judaism since the Babylonian captivity (6th century BC).
3.
Paul turns Christianity into a universal faith, and into a political
threat à 313 AD
4.
Constantine
II.
Achievements of the proscribed church.
1. New Testament
2.
Patristic writings (Origen & co)
3.
Network of churches under five patriarchates (
4.
After the council of
10: The making of Europe (c. 400-700)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
I. The collapse of Rome in context
300-600
AD: collapse of Han China, Gupta India and West Rome; crisis in Sassanid Persia
and Byzantium
II. The invaders
1.
Germanic tribes: Franks, Goths, Saxons, Lombards): adoptions from
2.
Mongolic tribes: Avars, Bulgars, Magyars and later Turks
III.
The Roman Legacy
Public
works; Roman laws; Graeco-Roman culture; Latin language; Political institutions
IV.
The channels
1.
The Eastern Empire (Byzantium): Justinian (527-65)
2.
The Roman church: the council of Chalcedon (451: 600 bishops)
11:
Charlemagne and his enemies (700-843)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
I.
The challenge of Islam
Mohammed
(570-632); schism (Shi’ite versus Sunnite) and further expansion under Umayyads
(661-750).
II. The heartland
a) the Anglo-Saxon world:
b) “
III.
The collapse
Louis
the Pious (814-40); the Treaty of Verdun (843); partition
12: Europe recovers (c. 800-1000)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
I.
The Vikings
1.
Cultural relativism: Ohio versus Minnesota
2.
The trade of the Vikings: Dorestad, Haithabu and Birka and the coin hoards.
3.
The Viking achievement:
a)
the first seaborne empire –
b)
13: The Church Triumphant (1000-1200)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
I. The Carolingian church
a) Monasteries (St. Benedict; Pope Gregory the
Great [590-604]; St. Augustine of Canterbury)
b) The growth of parish organization
c) Church provided administrators, ideological
support, wealth.
II.
The split between church and state
1.
Only in the West: in the East, Orthodox church also expanded but remained tied
to a single state.
2.
The Reform Movement in the West; Cluny (founded 910; 67 houses by 1095); Leo IX
and Hildebrand (Gregory VII, 1073-85); the Dictatus Papae (c.
1075)
3.
The “Investiture Contest”
a)
The political fragmentation of Latin Christendom
b)
John of Salisbury’s Policraticon
(1159)
c)
Clerical power enhanced: Lay investiture declines; Clerical elite exalted; Papal
power enhanced (Innocent III, 1198-1215)
HISTORY 111:
STUDY QUESTIONS FOR THE MID-TERM
NOTE: The mid-term will contain
questions similar to -- BUT NOT THE SAME AS -- the following. You will have to answer FIVE geographical
questions (out of eight) from Part A for 5% of your total grade; and ONE
question (out of three) from Part B for a further 10%. All questions on the exam will relate to
material covered in the textbooks, the lectures, and the recitations up to and
including April 25.
PART A:
1. Locate the Fertile Crescent
2. Locate the capital of Vespasian
3. Sketch in the river Ebro
4. Locate the battle of Hastings
5-8 more of the same (frontiers,
battles, specific areas and geographic features of historic significance)
PART B: ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING
QUESTIONS
1. Assess the achievements of the Greek
city-states
2.
Charlemagne managed to unify more of western Europe into a single state
than any other ruler until Napoleon, a thousand years later. Give the reasons for his remarkable success,
and also explain why his empire did not long survive him.
3. In the second half of the 11th
century, a succession of Popes set out to reform the Roman Church. Describe their program for reform and assess
the extent to which it was achieved.
14: The Age of the Crusades (1095-1204)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Pope
Urban II first called for a crusade on 27 November 1095
I.
The Course of the Crusades
1. Eastward:
the Wendish and Baltic crusades, 1147-1410
2. Southward: Sicily (cleared by 1090) and Spain (Tagus by
1085; Guadalquivir by 1212 -- Las Navas de Tolosa)
3. Southeast:
The “
II. Explanations
1.
The Christian schism of 1054; the defeat of Byzantium at Manzikert (1071);
2.
the crumbling of Muslim power in the
3.
Military power of Crusaders
a)
Heavy cavalry charge: stirrup, saddle and lance (the testimony of Anna Comnena,
Usamah ibn-Munqidh and the Song of Roland)
b)
New style castles (e.g. Krak des Chevaliers)
c) The manpower problem (“Outremer” compared
with the Baltic and Spain)
15:
The Twelfth Century (1100-1200)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
I. The Crusaders’ achievements
Political;
Territorial; Ideological; Religious; Intellectual
II. The “Twelfth Century Renaissance”
A.
The major achievements
Universities;
Rediscovery of Classical Literature; New Literature in Latin (Abelard, John of
Salisbury) and vernacular (El Cid; Sagas; Brut; Parsifal; Niebelungenlied;
Hildegard of Bingen); Gothic Style in Architecture; Music (from neumes to
notes)
B. The Problem of Oriental Influence
1.
Conquest (Byzantium and/or Palestine)?
2.
Convivencia (Spain)?
3.
Hostility of Church to any dealings with Islam
16:
Feudal Europe: Church and State (1000-1250)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
I. Religious Upheaval
A. The Growth of Heresy
1. Medieval heresy before 1150
2.
Waldensians and Albigensians
B. New Religious Orders
1.
2.
Cistercians c. 1150 (St Bernard of Clairvaux d. 1153)
3.
Dominicans (1216; St Dominic,
1170-1221); Inquisitors from 1233)
4.
Franciscans (1221; St Francis, 1182-1226)
C. The Thinking Friar: Robert Grosseteste
(1168-1253); Roger Bacon (1220-92); Thomas Aquinas (1225-74)
II.
Monarchs and the Military
A.
After Charlemagne
The
armed retainer and the rise of feudalism: fealty; military service;
manorialism.
B.
The Feudal Monarchies
1.
Knights and castles: the “Bayeux Tapestry” (c. 1082)
2.
Government Surveys: “Domesday Book” (1085-6)
3.
Consensual government: Magna Carta (1215); the growth of Parliaments
17:
The Black Death and after (1347-1500)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
I.
The Black Death in the West, 1347-52
1.
Global Diffusion
2.
The plague and its recurrence
II.
Economic Development 1000-1347
1.
Rapid population growth
2.
A second urban revolution (Northern Italy; Low Countries; Hanseatic League)
3.
The “Forced draught” of colonial trade.
III.
The absentees of history
1.
Serfs and slaves
2.
Women: Christine de Pisane and “the rest”
IV.
Reactions to the Black Death
1.
Psychological dislocation: obsession with death; clerical collapse; papal
autocracy and dissenters (Marsilio of Padua; John Wyclif; Thomas à Kempis)
2.
Social dislocation: rebellion: the Jacquerie (1358); the Peasants’ Revolt
(1381)
18:
The Renaissance (1300-1600)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
I. The Visual Arts
A.
Painting and Sculpture: preponderance of religious themes; perspective; perfect
forms; size and shape; harmony and tension; the commercialization of art.
B.
Architecture: concern for detail gives way to concern for shape.
II. Literature
A. Old tools: Humanism (e.g. Petrarch)
B.
New tools: dictionaries, grammars
(Antonio de Nebrija), style
C.
Improved literary forms: drama (Shakespeare, Lope de Vega), essays (Montaigne, Bacon),
poetry (Donne, Camões), fiction (Rabelais, Cervantes), political writing
(Machiavelli). Erasmus (1466-1536)
D. New technology: printing 1450-1500
III. Learning
A. Universities
B. Schools
IV. Diffusion
A. How many communities had schools?
B. How many pupils could read?
C. The culture of the semi-literate: the Bibliothèque
bleue
19: Renaissance Society (1300-1600)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
The
physical attributes of Renaissance people:
A. The sources
1) visual – Frans Hals, Gipsy Girl;
Honthorst, Young woman holding a medallion; the nude (Bosch, Cranach,
Grünewald versus Titian, Heinz and Rubens)
2)
written -- diaries; letters; novels; government records.
B. The conclusions
1) height
2) appearance and health: von Gersdorff,
Vesalius and Fallopius; Paracelsus, Harvey and Swammerdam
3) life expectation
C. The explanations
1) food: the tyranny of grain
2) disease: typhus and dysentery; smallpox and
plague
3) destitution: fire, war, famine and natural disaster.
20: The Facts of Life (1300-1600)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
1. The Demographic Facts
a) Overpopulation of Europe c. 1300-40
b) Catastrophic fall and stagnation c. 1348-1450
c) Population almost doubled c. 1450-1600
d) Stagnation and fall c. 1600-1670
2. Sources
Census,
parish register, and “family reconstitution”
3. Explanations
a) the meaning of “over-” and “underpopulation”
b) “the four horsemen of the Apocalypse”
c) factors for growth:
i) rising birth rate (falling celibacy;
falling age of brides at marriage; little contraception; more knowledge about
sexual functions – Pietro Aretino, 1530,
and Brantôme, 1570)
ii) stable death rate
d) factors for stagnation:
i) falling birth rate (rising celibacy;
rising age of brides at marriage; more contraception)
ii) stable or rising death rate (more
“catastrophes”; more infant mortality; more wet-nursing)
3. Problem of synchronization
a)
Variations in solar energy
b)
Variations in Carbon-14 deposits
c)
The evidence of grapes (vendange)
d)
The evidence of glaciers
21:
The Quality of Life (1300-1600)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
I. Synopsis of Europe’s economic history
1300-1700
a) gradual decline 1300-48
b) collapse and stagnation 1348-1450
c) accelerating growth 1450-1580; slower
growth/plateau 1580-1620
d) decline and crisis 1620-60
e) recovery
after 1660
II. Geography of Production
a) agricultural
1.
grain exporters (
2.
livestock exporters (upland areas in
3.
urban enclaves
4.
autarkic areas
b) industrial
1.
Northern Italy
2.
lands around the
III. Explanations
1. technology improves
2. price revolution (the views of Jean Bodin)
3. American treasure imports (the theory of Earl
J. Hamilton)
4. population: the true determinant of demand,
and therefore of growth.
IV. The “Costs”
1. servants
2. serfdom and slavery
3. urban overcrowding
4. growth of poverty
5. fear, escapism, brutality and religious
fervor
22:
The Reformation (1500-1560)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
I. Discontent on the eve of the Reformation
A. Problems of the Catholic Church
a)
“Babylonish Captivity” at Avignon (1309-78);
b)
the Great Schism (1378-1417);
c)
Conciliar movement: Council of Constance (1414-18) versus Jan Hus (d.1415) and
John Wyclif (d. 1384).
B. The need for Reform
a)
unequal spread of clergy
b)
“impropriation” of parishes (and tithes)
c)
saints and relics
d) indulgences
C. Intellectual Criticisms
a)
Bible printing 1445-1520: 156 Latin; 23 French; 22 German; 12 Italian (and many
more New Testaments)
b)
Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1534)
II.
The Reformation Challenge
A. The Indulgence issue: Martin Luther and his
“95 theses” (31 Oct. 1517)
B. The birth of Lutheranism
1.
“Priesthood of all believers”
2.
Authority of Scripture
3.
“sola fides”
C. The “other” Protestants
Zwingli
(
III.
Explaining the success
1.
The medium
2.
The message
3.
The prophets
4.
The context
23:
Reactions to the Reformation (1540-1600)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
A.
Why Germany and Switzerland?
1.
Fragmentation: the 13 cantons; the 1000 territories of the Holy Roman Empire
(especially “Imperial Free Cities”: 51/65 affected).
2.
Imperial distraction: 1519-20, vacancy; Turkish advance Mohacs (1526), Vienna
(1529)
3.
The “Religious Peace of Augsburg” (1555) and the “Warsaw Convention” (1573)
grant freedom of religious choice. Yet
by 1650 only 2 out of 10 Europeans refused to recognize the authority of Rome.
B.
The Reformation halted
1. The Peasants’ War (1524-5) forces the
“magisterial reformers” to identify with the state.
2. The Counter-Reformation
a)
The “Catholic reformation”
b)
The Council of Trent (1545-7, 1552, 1562-3)
c)
The Inquisition (22 tribunals of the Spanish Inquisition:
1540-1700 = 49,000 known cases\
d)
The New Orders (e.g. the Jesuits, founded 1534 by Ignatius Loyola)
3.
A failure of evangelism?
a)
too many creeds
b)
too little faith
24. The empire of Charles V (1519-58)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
I.
THE IMPERIAL TRADITION
1.
Papal Monarchy: in 12th-13th centuries created bureaucracy, taxation, law,
arbitration and force on an “imperial scale”
a) Threatened by
b)
Still “partitioned the world” in 1494, but destroyed by Reformation: Papal
authority only universal in the Italian and Iberian peninsulas
2.
The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation: in 11th-12th centuries sacrificed
power in Germany for bid to master Italy; failed: Interregnum 1250-72;
compulsory elections from 1338; the “Golden Bull” 1356.
3.
The Habsburgs: imperial title from 1438 (to 1806); added Burgundy/Netherlands
1477; Spain and her empire 1506; Bohemia-Hungary 1526; England (1554-8);
Portugal (1580-1640).
4.
Messianic Imperialism (Charles V and Philip II)
II
THE HABSBURG BID FOR EUROPEAN MASTERY
Numerous
obstacles existed to counterbalance size:
1.
Lack of integration
2.
Mediocrity of the dynasty
3.
Distance
4.
Religious diversity
5.
Strategic overstretch?
25.
The Dutch Revolt: Spain’s Vietnam (1560-1648)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
I
THE DUTCH REVOLT
Paul
Kennedy, The rise and fall of the Great Powers, 1500-2000.
(a)
the Revolt of 1566:
(i) the iconoclastic fury
(ii) the repression: 1200
executions, 12,000 condemned, 60,000 exiled
(b)
the Revolt of 1572
II
REASONS FOR SPAIN’S FAILURE
1.
The military revolution
2.
Strategic overstretch
3.
Political inflexibility
III
THE CONSEQUENCES
1.
The defeat of Spain’s “Bid for mastery”
(a)
Dutch strengths: geography; seapower; religious conviction; international
support
(b)
Spain’s ineptitude
2.
Spain’s losses: resources; reputation; European hegemony
3. The “Dutch Republic”
(a)
the “Welfare State”
(b)
freedom of thought and freedom of speech
(c)
the federal model of government: 1581, 1688 and 1787.
26 The
Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
I
How did it start?
1.
The dual crisis:
(a)
would the Habsburgs achieve European hegemony?
(b)
would Protestantism eventually become the dominant
religion of
2.
The three Bohemian Revolts: 1609, 1611, 1618
II.
Why did the war last so long
1.
The years of Habsburg victory: 1619-1629
2.
The Edict of Restitution, 1629; the Peace of Prague (1635)
3.
The intervention of Sweden (1630) and France (1635-6)
III.
What did the war achieve
1.
Religious frontiers of Germany fixed at circa 1618
2.
Germany devastated: demographic, industrial and rural destruction unparalleled
until 1940s
3.
End of the “dual crisis”: no more threat of Habsburg hegemony; no more
confessional politics
4.
Creation of a “balance of power” within Europe
27. Europe expands (1450-1580)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
I.
Making contact
A.
The second expansion of Islam: the Ottomans into
B.
Russia’s advance to the Pacific (1584-1639)
C.
The seaborne expansion of the West:
a)
the maps of Ptolemy (1482); Martellus (1489); and Waldseemüller (1507)
b)
the critical decade:
II.
Making conquests
A..
the major conquests:
B.
the explanations
a)
Exporting the “Military Revolution” of early modern Europe: new warships; new
fortifications; seeking local allies
28:
Europe triumphant? (1500-1650)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
I.
The destruction of native American and African cultures
The
problem of evidence: Primo Levi, Alexander Solzhenitsyn and the testimony of
“survivors”
II.
The costs of expansion
(a)
to
(b)
to
(c)
to
(d)
to
(i) the “Black Legend” (Bartolomé de las Casas)
(ii) the invasion of
(iii) the cultural destruction:
Aztec religion
(iv) misreading the “book of
nature”: the Chimu pots
STUDY
QUESTIONS FOR HIST 111: FINAL EXAM
NOTE: The final will contain questions similar to -- BUT NOT THE
SAME AS -- the following. You will have
to answer FIVE map questions (out of eight) from Part A for 5% of your total
grade; ONE question (out of three) from Part B for a further 10%. These
questions will be taken from material covered in the lectures and assignments
since April 29. You must also answer ONE question (out of three) from Part C
for a final 10% of your total grade: these questions will cover issues arising
from the course as a whole
PART A:
A map quiz similar to the mid-term, but
related to course material since April 19
PART B: ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING
1. In the thirteenth century the
mendicant orders were created and prospered.
Assess their impact on Western Civilization.
2. Compare and contrast the European
Renaissances of the twelfth and the fifteenth centuries.
3.
A “Military Revolution” occurred in early modern Europe. What was it, and what was its significance.
PART C: ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING
1. Discuss the changing role of women in
Western society in the period covered by the course.
2. How can works of art (including works
of literature) be used by historians as evidence for the values and life-styles
of Western Society before 1650?
3. Discuss the influence of Roman
culture on Western Civilization down to the 17th century.
