Lecture 8 - Nationalism and Nation Building in the aftermath of the 1848 Revolutions

I. Announcement and Questions

A. Announcements

1. Midterm on MONDAY

B. Review

C. Framing Questions

1. What was the impact of the 1848 revolutions on society? On the state?

2. What new policies of governance did governments adopt after 1848?

3. how are governments similar/different across Europe at this time?

II. Nation Building and Rebuilding after 1848

A. What Governments are we discussing?

1. Britain

2. France’s Second Empire (1852-1870)

3. Austria: Emperor Francis Joseph (r. 1848-1916)

4. Russia: Tsar Alexander II (r. 1855-1881)

5. Ottoman Empire

6. unification of 2 states: Germany and Italy

B. Governments Facing Diverse challenges

1. social disorder

a. Existence of nationalism

b. Desire of people (mostly men) for increased political participation

c. Industrialization

d. Spread of 19^th century reform centered ideologies

e. Social welfare and reform movements

2. challenges of industrialization

3. period of warfare

a. wars of imperialism

b. wars of protection: Example Crimean War (1854-1856)

c. wars of realpolitik aggression

C. Governments Adopt New strategies

1. Realpolitik

2. State sponsored social welfare programs

3. state sponsored social reforms

D. Unification

1. German states

a. 2 aspiring powers: Prussia and Austria.

b. also characterized by 2 competing ideologies: liberalism and conservatism (state)

c. 2 competing religions: Catholicism and Protestantism

d. 1862 – King William I of Prussia appointed Otto von Bismarck as his prime minister

e. Bismarck as prime minister phase of Prussia 1: 1862-1871

2. Italian States look at textbook to compare narrative

E. Other nation states: France

1. Reign of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

2. Paris Commune

Questions

1. How do the unification stories of Italy and Germany differ?

2. what similarities/differences did the governments of Prussia and Piedmont share? Prussia and France? France and England?

3. If you were to look at a map of the 1848-1871 period, what countries would you identify being most influenced by nationalism? By industrial change? By working class demands?

4. Who was Bismarck? What did he mean by, “We Germans Fear God, and Naught Else in the World” (CP)

5. How were liberals of 1848-1880 different than those of the pre 1848 period?

6. How is realpolitik different from and similar to absolutism? Conservativism?

TERMS

Imperial Russia

Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881)

Crimean war

Liberal/Whig (William Gladstone, 1809-1898) government

Conservative (Benjamin Disraeli, 1804-1881) parties

France’s Second Empire

Napoleon III

Francis Joseph

Tsar Alexander II

Nationalism

tariff

wars of protection

Ottoman Empire

Orthodox Christians

Moldavia and Walachia

Treaty of Paris (March 1856)

Black Sea

RealpolitikCamillo di Cavour (1810-1861)

Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

Prussian parliament (Landtag)

“Blood and Iron”

Schleswig and Holstein

North German Confederation

Alsace and Lorraine

Kaiser

Second Empire of France

Suez Canal

Paris Commune