(PhD Dissertation Table of Contents)
FUZHOU PHONOLOGY:
A Nonlinear Analysis of Tone and Stress
Marjorie K.M. Chan
University of Washington
1985
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.0. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1. Descriptive Background . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.1. The Modern Dialect Groups of the Chinese
Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.2. Min: Population, Geographical Spread, and
Subgrouping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.3. Early Sources on the Fuzhou Dialect . . . . 12
1.1.4. Regional Subvarieties and the Socio-
linguistic Status of the Fuzhou Dialect . . 15
1.1.5. Notational Variants or Actual Linguistic
Differences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.1.6. Published Materials on the Fuzhou Dialect . 24
1.1.7. Field Notes: Data Collection and
Instrumental Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.1.8. Romanizations, Conventions and Abbreviations 31
1.1.9. Some Terms and Concepts . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.1.9.1. Monosyllabic Words and Citation Forms . . 35
1.1.9.2. Characterless Words . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.1.9.3. Colloquial and Literary Readings . . . . . 38
1.2. Theoretical Background . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.2.1. The Autosegmental Framework for Tonal Study 43
1.2.2. Syllable Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
1.2.3. A Theory of Complex Segments . . . . . . . . 63
1.2.3.1. Multiple Attachment to a Single C Node . . 65
1.2.3.2. Multiple Attachment to a Single V Node . . 71
1.2.4. Metrical Theory for the Analysis of Stress 83
Notes to Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
CHAPTER 2. THE TONAL SYSTEM OF THE FUZHOU DIALECT . . 97
2.0. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.1. The Tonal System in Chen and Norman (1965a) 98
2.2. The Tonal System for the Present Data . . . . 102
2.2.1. Tone Ia: /H/ (/44/) . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2.2.2. Tone Ib: /HL/ (/51/) . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
2.2.3. Tone IIa: /L/ with Floating H (/32/) . . . . 114
2.2.4. Tone IIIa: /LH/ (/213/) . . . . . . . . . . 119
2.2.5. Tone IIIb: /LHL/ (/131/) . . . . . . . . . . 124
2.2.6. Tone IVa: /L/ with Floating H (/13/) . . . . 127
2.2.7. Tone IVb: /HL/ (/5/) . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
2.3. On the Nature of Tone IV (Ru-sheng) . . . . . 137
2.3.1. Some Historical Background . . . . . . . . . 137
2.3.2. The Historical Development of Final Stops in
Fuzhou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
2.3.3. The /k/ and /?/ Distinction . . . . . . . . 150
2.3.4. Final /?/ (< *-k and *-?) in Modern Fuzhou 151
2.3.5. Synchronic Analysis of Final /?/ . . . . . . 158
2.3.6. Tone IV Syllables: A Recapitulation . . . . 163
2.3.7. The Historical Development of Tone IVa and a
Comparison with Other Tones . . . . . . . . 167
Notes to Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
CHAPTER 3. THE INTERACTION OF TONE AND STRESS . . . . 184
3.1. The Stress System of Fuzhou . . . . . . . . . 184
3.2. The Effect of Stress on Tone . . . . . . . . . 190
3.3. A Metrical Treatment of Stress in Fuzhou . . . 200
3.4. Description and Analysis of the Neutral Tone 216
3.5. /HL/ Assignment on tone IVb /5/: Evidence
from Atonic Syllables . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
3.6. Alternating Iambic-Trochaic Stress in Fuzhou 234
3.6.1. Evidence from the Present Data . . . . . . . 234
3.6.2. Evidence from Existing Sources . . . . . . . 244
Notes to Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
CHAPTER 4. TONE SANDHI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
4.1. Dissyllabic Tone Sandhi Rules . . . . . . . . 271
4.1.1. Chen and Norman's Data . . . . . . . . . . . 271
4.1.2. The Present Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
4.1.2.1. Phonological Tone Rules . . . . . . . . . 293
4.1.2.2. Phonetic Tone Rules . . . . . . . . . . . 303
4.1.3. Ordering of Tone Sandhi Rules . . . . . . . 321
4.2. Trisyllabic Tone Sandhi Rules . . . . . . . . 323
4.2.1. Chen and Norman's Data . . . . . . . . . . . 324
4.2.2. The Present Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
4.3. Tone Sandhi Domain with Four or More Syllables 353
4.4. Cyclicity and Tone Sandhi Rules Revisited . . 361
4.4.1. Cyclic Versus Non-Cyclic Rule-Application 361
4.4.2. Reduplication without Cyclic Rules . . . . . 368
Notes to Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
CHAPTER 5. TONE, STRESS, AND VOWEL QUALITY CHANGES . . 397
5.1. A Two-Fold Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
5.1.1. Vowel Alternation in Citation Tone Syllables 398
5.1.2. Vowel Alternation in Tone Sandhi Environment 402
5.2. Possible Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
5.2.1. Three Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
5.2.2. The Controversy in Historical Perspective 406
5.3. Difficulties Encountered by Solution 2 . . . . 410
5.3.1. Wang's (1968) Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . 410
5.3.2. Yip's (1980) Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . 417
5.4. Difficulties Encountered by Solution 3 . . . . 434
5.4.1. Maddieson's (1976) Proposal . . . . . . . . 434
5.4.2. Wright's (1983) Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 443
5.5. Solution 1: Evidence and Cross-Dialect
Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
5.6. Vowel Quality Changes and the Historical
Rising and Departing Tones . . . . . . . . . . 458
5.7. New Alternating Finals in Fuzhou . . . . . . . 469
5.8. An Autosegmental Treatment . . . . . . . . . . 473
Notes to Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
APPENDIX A. The Sixteen Rhyme Groups and their Rhymes 517
APPENDIX B. Fuzhou Tones and Dissyllabic Tone Sandhi
Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
APPENDIX C. The Initials of Fuzhou . . . . . . . . . . 544
APPENDIX D. The Finals of Fuzhou . . . . . . . . . . . 545
APPENDIX E. Alternating Finals: A Comparison . . . . . 546
APPENDIX F. Map of China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
APPENDIX G. Dialect Map of China . . . . . . . . . . . 548
APPENDIX H. Map of Fujian Province . . . . . . . . . . 549
APPENDIX I. Map of Fuzhou City . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
Created: 21 April 2000.
Copyright (c) 200x Marjorie K.M. Chan. All rights reserved.
URL: http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/chan9/pubn/phd-toc.htm