Chan and Tai (1995). [2 of 3]

In: Sixth North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics. NACCL-6. (May 1994) Edited by Jose Camacho and Lina Choueiri. 1995. Los Angeles: Graduate Students in Linguistics (GSIL), USC. Volume II. Pp. 49-74.

FROM NOUNS TO VERBS:
VERBALIZATION IN CHINESE DIALECTS AND EAST ASIAN LANGUAGES

Marjorie K.M. Chan and James H-Y. Tai
The Ohio State University

Back to title page. (This is the second of three sections.)
4. CANTONESE CASE

4.1. Corpus
Lists E to J form the corpus of denominal verbs in standard Cantonese. A very broad phonetic transcription system is used, with adjustments made for typographical convenience (e.g., /ng/ for the velar nasal). Transcription further ignores the /35/ changed tone that some nouns undergo. List E below are homophonous noun-verb pairs found in Cantonese but not in Mandarin.

E. HOMOPHONOUS NOUN-VERB PAIRS (not found in Mandarin)

NOUN VERB

1. 車 /ts'e.55/ 'a car, machine' 車 /ts'e.55/ 'to drive (s.o. s.wh.), to be hit by a car, to sew (w. sewing machine), etc.'

2. 煲 /pou.55/ 'a kettle, pot' 煲 /pou.55/ 'to boil, to cook in water'

3. 泵 /pam.55/ 'a pump' ( 'pump') 泵 /pam.55/ 'to pump'

4. 轆 /luk.5/ 'a roller, wheel' 轆 /luk.5/ 'to roll, to crush under the wheels'

5. 鉸 /kaau.33/ 'a hinge' 鉸 /kaau.33/ 'to install (TV's, etc.), to adjust setting w. a knob'

6. 枳 /tsat.5/ 'a cork' 枳 /tsat.5/ 'to cork'

7. 夾 /kip.2/ 'a clip' ( 'clip') 夾 /kip.2/ 'to clip'

8. 婁 /lau.55/ 'cloak, coat' 摟 /lau.55/ 'to drape over shoulders'

9. 袋 /toi.22/ 'a bag, sack, pocket' 袋 /toi.22/ 'to bag, to sack, to put into the pocket'

10. 油 /yau.21/ 'oil' (/yau.35/ 'oil paint, varnish') 油 /yau.21/ 'to paint (e.g., the house)' [4]

11. 影 /ying.35/ 'shadow, image' 影 /ying.35/ 'to photograph'

12. 隔 /kaak.3/ 'a partition, a (square) slot' 隔 /kaak.3/ 'to partition'

13. 筒 /t'ung.21/ ( 桶 /t'ung.35/) tube, pipe' 捅 /t'ung.35/ 'to insert into a a pipe/tube'

14. 摔 /soet.5/ 'a bolt (for door, gate)' 摔 /soet.5/ 'to bolt (door, gate)'

15. 遮 /tse.55/ 'an umbrella' 遮 /tse.55/ 'to shelter w. umbrella'

16. 槌 /ts'oey.21/ 'a mallet, pestle' 搥 /ts'oey.21/ 'to pound, beat'

17. 刮 /kwaat.3/ 'a scraper' 刮 /kwaat.3/ 'to scrape'

18. 送 /sung.33/ 'food accompanying a meal' 送 /sung.33/ 'to accompany/ be eaten w. rice'

19. 鍤 /ts'aap.3/ 'a plug' 插 /ts'aap.3/ 'to plug'

20. 渡 /tou.22/ 'a ferry-boat' 渡 /tou.22/ 'to ferry'

In List F, the members within each of the three pairs do not differ in tone in Cantonese, unlike Mandarin where they are placed under List B or C.[5]

F. HOMOPHONOUS NOUN-VERB PAIRS (but with tone change in Mandarin)

NOUN VERB

1. 釘 /ting.55/ 'a nail' (/teng.55/) 釘 /ting.55/ 'to nail' (/teng.55/)

2. 稱 /ts'ing.33/ 'a scale' 稱 /ts'ing.33/ 'to weigh'

3. 掃 /sou.33/ 'a broom, duster' 掃 /sou.33/ 'to dust, to sweep'

List G are noun-verb pairs that are also found in Mandarin. For ease of cross-dialectal comparison, these pairs are arranged based on the ordering in List A for Mandarin.

G. HOMOPHONOUS NOUN-VERB PAIRS (also in Mandarin)

NOUN VERB

1. 磅 /pong.22/ 'a scale' ( 'pound') 磅 /pong.22/ 'to weigh'

2. 包 /paau.55/ 'a pack, package' 包 /paau.55/ 'to pack/wrap up'

3. 鉋 /p'aau.21/ 'a plane' 刨 /p'aau.21/ 'to plane wood'

4. 鞭 /pin.55/ 'a whip' 鞭 /pin.55/ 'to whip'

5. 冰 /ping.55/ 'ice' 冰 /ping.55/ 'to put on ice, to freeze'

6. 擦 /ts'aat.3/ 'a brush' 擦 /ts'aat.3/ 'to brush'

7. 叉 /ch'a.55/ 'a fork' 叉 /ch'a.55/ 'to fork'

8. 鏟 /ts'aan.35/ 'a shovel' 鏟 /ts'aan.35/ 'to shovel' (剷)

9. 鋤 /ts'o.21/ 'a hoe' 鋤 /ts'o.21/ 'to hoe'

10. 串 /ts'yn.33/ 'a string (i.e., of s.t.) 串 /ts'yn.33/ 'to string tog.'

11. 銼 /tso.33/ 'a file' 銼 /tso.33/ 'to file' (剉)

12. 滴 /tik.2/ 'a drip, drop' 滴 /tik.2/ 'to drip'

13. 點 /tim.35/ 'a dot' 點 /tim.35/ 'to dot, to put a dot on'

14. 墊 /tsin.33/ 'a cushion' 墊 /tsin.33/ 'to cushion'

墊 /tin.22/ 'a cushion'

墊 /tin.33/ 'to fill up/prop up'

15. 疊 /taap.3/ 'a stack/pile (of s.t.)' 疊 /taap.3/ 'to stack/pile'

16. 頂 /teng.35/ 'top of the head' 頂 /ting.35/ 'to carry on head'

17. 毒 /tuk.2/ 'poison' 毒 /tuk.2/ 'to poison'

18. 堆 /toey.55/ 'a mound, pile' 堆 /toey.55/ 'to pile up'

19. 鉤 /ngau.55/ 'a hook' 鉤 /ngau.55/ 'to hook'

20. 糊 /wu.21/ 'paste' 糊 /wu.21/ 'to paste'

21. 劃 /waak.2/ 'a stroke' (畫) 劃 /waak.2/ 'to form a stroke' (畫)

22. 夾 /kaap.3/ 'a clip' 夾 /kaap.3/ 'to clip'

23. 架 /ka.33/ 'a shelf, frame' 架 /ka.33/ 'to build framework to support'

24. 卷 /kyn.35/ 'a roll (of s.t.) 捲 kyn.35/ 'to roll up'

25. 鋸 /koe.33/ 'a saw' (/koe.33/) 鋸 /koe3./ 'to saw' (/koe.33/)

26. 釦 /k'au.33/ 'a button' 扣 /k'au.33/ 'to button'

27. 綑 /k'wan.35/ 'a bundle (of s.t.)' 捆 /k'wan.35/ 'to bundle'

28. 鑷 /nip.2/ 'tweezers' 鑷 /nip.2/ 'to pluck'

29. 耙 /p'a.21/ 'a rake, harrow' 耙 /p'a.21/ 'to rake, harrow'

30. 拍 /paak.3/ 'a bat, racket' 拍 /paak.3/ 'to bounce (ball)'

31. 片 /p'in.33/ 'a slice (of s.t.)' 片 /p'in.33/ 'to slice'

32. 鉗 /k'im.21/ 'pincers' 鉗 /k'im.21/ 'to pinch'

33. 圈 /hyn.55/ 'a circle' 圈 /hyn.55/ 'to mark w. circle'

34. 篩 /sai.55/ 'a sieve, sifter' 篩 /sai.55/ 'to sieve, sift'

35. 梳 /so.55/ 'a comb' 梳 /so.55/ 'to comb'

36. 束 /ts'uk.5/ 'a bundle (of s.t.)' 束 /ts'uk.5/ 'to bundle/tie up'

37. 刷 /ts'aat.3/ 'a brush' 刷 /ts'aat.3/ 'to brush'

38. 閂 /saan.55/ 'a bar (for door, gate)' 閂 /saan.55/ 'to bar/bolt (door, gate)'

39. 鎖 /so.35/ 'a lock, padlock' 鎖 /so.35/ 'to lock, padlock'

40. 套 /t'ou.33/ 'a case, cover' 套 /t'ou.33/ 'to put into a case'

41. 網 /mong.13/ 'a net' 網 /mong.13/ 'to net'

42. 印 /yan.33/ 'a seal' 印 /yan.33/ 'to stamp w. a seal'

43. 紮 /tsaat.3/ 'a bundle' 扎 /tsaat.3/ 'to bind (into a bundle)'

44. 鑿 /tsok.2/ 'a chisel' 鑿 /tsok.2/ 'to chisel'

45. 閘 /tsaap.2/ 'a floodgate' 閘 /tsaap.2/ 'to dam up water'

46. 罩 /tsau.33/ 'a cover, shade' 罩 /tsau.33/ 'to cover, shade'

47. 指 /tsi.35/ 'finger' 指 /tsi.35/ 'to point w. finger'

48. 錐 /tsoey.55/ 'an awl' 錐 /tsoey.55/ 'to pierce'

List H consists of noun-verb pairs in which the verb is consistently in Qusheng, in this case, all in Yin-Qu (tone /33/).

H. NOUN-VERB PAIRS WITH VERBS IN QUSHENG

NOUN VERB

1. 種 /tsung.35/ 'a seed' 種 /tsung.33/ 'to plant, grow'

2. 枕 /tsam.35/ 'a pillow' 枕 /tsam.33/ 'to rest on a pillow'

3. 間 /kaan.55/ 'a partition' 間 /kaan.33/ 'to partition'

4. 中 /tsung.55/ 'center' 中 /tsung.33/ 'to hit the target'

List I consists of noun-verb pairs in which the nouns are consistently in Qusheng; that is, either in Yin-Qu (tone /33/) or Yang-Qu (tone /22/).

I. NOUN-VERB PAIRS WITH NOUNS IN QUSHENG

NOUN VERB

1. 擔 end of a shoulder pole' 擔 /taam.55/ 'to carry on a shoulder pole'

2. 畫 /wa.22/ 'drawing, painting' 畫 /waak.2/ 'to draw, paint'

3. 磨 /mo.22/ 'a mill' 磨 /mo.21/ 'to grind'

4. 份 /fan.22/ 'a portion' 分 /fan.55/ 'to divide into portions'

List J are some cases of near-homophonous noun-verb pairs that do not fit any of the lists above.

J. NEAR HOMOPHONOUS NOUN-VERB PAIRS

NOUN VERB

1. [ ]* /lei.22/ 'tongue'
(* 肉 radical + 利) [ ]* /laai.35/ 'to lick'
(* 舌 radical + 賴 )

2. 皮 /p'ei.21/ 'skin' [ ]* /p'ai.55/ 'to peel (skin)'
(* 皮 + 刀 radical ) (批 ) (/p'ei.55/)

3. 鹽 /yim.21/ 'salt' 醃 /yim.55/ 'to preserve w. salt' (/yip.3/))

4. [ ] /t'aap.35/ 'a lock' [ ] /t'aap.3/ 'to lock' [6]

4.2. Categories of Denominal Verbs
The same four categories identified in Mandarin are also found in Cantonese. These are given below, together with three illustrative examples for each category. Also, as in Mandarin, locatum and location verbs are least common, goal verbs next, and instrument verbs are commonest.
(3) Categories in Cantonese

1. Locatum verbs

e.g. 油 /yau.21/ 'to paint (e.g., the house)',

摟 /lau.55/ 'to drape over shoulders',

[ ]* /p'ai.55/ 'to peel (skin)' (* 皮 + 刀radical ) (批 )

2. Location verbs

e.g. 捅 /t'ung.35/ 'to insert into a pipe/tube'

袋 /toi.22/ 'to bag, to put into pocket',

枕 /tsam.33/ 'to rest on a pillow'

3. Goal verbs

e.g. 劃 /waak.2/ 'to form a stroke' (畫)

影 /ying.35/ 'to photograph'

隔 /kaak.3/ 'to partition'

4. Instrument verbs

e.g. 車 /ts'e.55/ 'to drive (s.o. s.wh.), to be hit by a car, to sew (w. sewing machine)'

煲 /pou.55/ 'to boil, to cook in water'

泵 /pam.55/ 'to pump'

5. TAIWANESE CASE

5.1. Corpus
Lists K through P form the Taiwanese corpus. A very broad phonetic transcription is used. Vowel nasalization is indicated by '^N', and the glottal stop by '?'. The /ng/ final is a syllabic nasal. List K below are homophonous noun-verb pairs found in Taiwanese but not in Mandarin.

K. HOMOPHONOUS NOUN-VERB PAIRS (not found in Mandarin)

NOUN VERB

1. 紐 /liu.53/ 'a button' 紐 /liu.53/ 'to button'

2. 鼻 /p'i^N.33/ 'a nose' 鼻 /p'i^N.33/ 'to smell'

3. 綢 /tiu.24/ 'silk' 綢 /tiu.24/ 'to filter with silk'

4. 袋 /te.33/ 'pocket' 袋 /te.33/ 'to put into pocket'

5. 蜜 /bit.21/ 'honey' 蜜 /bit.21/ 'to preserve with honey/sugar'

6. 筅 /ts'ing.53/ 'a duster' 筅 /ts'ing.53/ 'to dust with a duster'

7. 頁 /ya?.53/ 'a page' 頁 /ya?.53/ 'to turn the page' [7]

8. 針 /tsiam.55/ 'a needle' 針 /tsiam.55/ 'to give s.o. a shot with a needle'

9. [ ]* /t'ai.55/ 'a sieve, sifter'
(*竹 radical + 希) [ ]* /t'ai.55/ 'to sieve, sift'
(* 竹 radical + 希)

10. [ ]* /kau.55/ 'a plane'
(* 手 + 區 ) [ ]* /kau.55/ 'to plane'
(* 手 + 區 )

List L are noun-verb pairs that are homophonous in Taiwanese, but differ in tone in Mandarin, and are placed in List C there.[8]

L. HOMOPHONOUS NOUN-VERB PAIRS (but with tone change in Mandarin)

NOUN VERB

1. 稱 /ts'in.21/ 'a scale' 稱 /tsin.21/ 'to weigh'

2. 鑽 /tsng.21/ 'a drill' 鑽 /tsng.21/ 'to drill'

List M consists of noun-verb pairs that are also found in Mandarin. For ease of cross-dialectal comparison, they are arranged based on the ordering in List A for Mandarin.

M. HOMOPHONOUS NOUN-VERB PAIRS (also in Mandarin)

NOUN VERB

1. 磅 /pong.33/ 'a scale (that weighs in avoirdupois)' ('pound (lb.)') 磅 /pong.33/ 'to weigh'

2. 包 /pau.55/ 'a pack, package' 包 /pau.55/ 'to pack/wrap up'

3. 錛 /pun.55/ 'an adze' 錛 /pun.55/ 'to adze'

4. 畚 /pun.55/ 'a scoop' 畚 /pun.55/ 'to scoop'

5. 濱 /pin.55/ 'bank, shore' 濱 /pin.55/ 'to border on (sea, etc.)'

6. 冰 /ping.55/ 'ice' 冰 /ping.55/ 'to put on ice, to freeze'

7. 叉 /ts'e.55/ 'a fork' 叉 /ts'e.55/ 'to fork'

8. 錘 /t'ui.24/ 'a hammer' 捶 /t'ui.24/ 'to hammer'

9. 滴 /ti?.53/ 'a drip, drop' 滴 /ti?.53/ 'to drip'

10. 點 /tiam.53/ 'a dot' 點 /tiam.53/ 'to dot, to put a dot on'

11. 堆 /tui.55/ 'a mound, pile' 堆 /tui.55/ 'to pile up'

12. 鉤 /kau.55/ 'a hook' 鉤 /kau.55/ 'to hook'

13. 糊 /ko.24/ 'paste' 糊 /ko.24/ 'to paste'

14. 夾 /kiap.21/ 'a clip' 夾 /kiap.21/ 'to clip'

15. 卷 /kng.53/ 'a roll (of s.t.)' 捲 /kng.53/ 'to roll up'

16. 鋸 /ku.21/ 'a saw' 鋸 /ku.21/ 'to saw'

17. 銬 /k'au.21/ 'handcuffs' 銬 /k'au.21/ 'to handcuff'

18. 犁 /lui.24/ 'a plow' 犁 /lui.24/ 'to plow'

19. 面 /bi^N.33/ 'face' 面 /bi^N.33/ 'to face'

20. 碾 /lian.53/ 'a roller (for grains)' 碾 /lian.53/ 'to grind/husk w. a roller'

21. 鑷 /ge?.21/ 'tweezers' 鑷 /ge?.21/ 'to pick up s.t. w. tweezers'

22. 耙 /pe.24/ 'a rake, harrow' 耙 /pe.24/ 'to rake, harrow'

23. 漆 /ts'at.21/ 'paint' 漆 /ts'at.21/ 'to paint'

24. 鉗 /k'i^N.24/ 'pliers' 鉗 /k'i^N.24/ 'to grip w. pliers'

25. 圈 /k'uan.24/ 'a circle' 圈 /k'uan.24/ 'to encircle, mark w. a circle'

26. 梳 /sue.55/ 'a comb' 梳 /sue.55/ 'to comb'

27. 閂 /sng.55/ 'a bar (for door, gate)' 閂 /sng.55/ 'to bar/bolt (door)'

28. 鎖 /so.53/ 'a lock' 鎖 /so.53/ 'to lock'

29. 套 /t'o.21/ 'a case, cover' 套 /t'o.21/ 'to put into a case'

30. 網 /bang.33/ 'a net' 網 /bang.33/ 'to net'

31. 鑿 /ts'ak.53/ 'a chisel' 鑿 /ts'ak.53/ 'to chisel'

32. 閘 /tsa?.53/ 'floodgate' 閘 /tsa?.53/ 'to dam up water'

33. 紮 /tsa?.21/ 'a bundle' 扎 /tsa?.21/ 'to bind (into a bundle)'

34. 錐 /tsng.53/ 'an awl' 錐 /tsng.53/ 'to pierce'

List N consists of noun-verb pairs in which the verb is consistently in Qusheng, either Yin-Qu (tone /21/) or Yang-Qu (tone /33/).

N. NOUN-VERB PAIRS WITH VERBS IN QUSHENG

NOUN VERB

1. 釘 /ting.55/ 'a nail' 釘 /ting.21/ 'to nail'

2. 毒 /tok.53/ 'poison' 毒 /t'au.33/ 'to poison'

3. 間 /king.55/ 'space between' 間 /kan.21/ 'to create a space between'

4. 中 /tiong.55/ 'center' 中 /tiong.21/ 'to hit center'

5. 種 /tsing.53/ 'a seed' 種 /tsing.21/ 'to plant, grow'

6. 舌 /tsi?.53/ 'tongue' 舐 /tsi.33/ 'to lick'

7. 空 /k'ang.55/ 'empty space, hole' 空 /k'ang.21/ 'to make empty

8. 鍋 /we.55/ 'a pot' 鍋 /we.33/ 'to cook in a pot'

List O consists of noun-verb pairs in which the noun is consistently in Qusheng, either Yin-Qu (tone /21/) or Yang-Qu (tone /33/).

O. NOUN-VERB PAIRS WITH NOUNS IN QUSHENG

NOUN VERB

1. 擔 /ta^N.21/ 'a carrying pole and loads on it' 擔 /ta^N.55/ 'to carry on a shoulder pole'

2. 份 /hun.33/ 'a portion' 分 /pun.55/ 'to divide into portions'

List P are two near-homophonous noun-verb pairs in Taiwanese that do not fit any of the lists above.[9] The unrounded back vowel is transcribed as /o/ for typographical ease.

P. NEAR HOMOPHONOUS NOUN-VERB PAIRS

NOUN VERB

1. 膏 /ko.55/ 'grease, ointment' 膏 /ko.24/ 'to grease, lubricate'

2. 磨 /bo.24/ 'a millstone' 磨 /bua.24/ 'to grind'

5.2. Categories of Denominal Verbs
The same four categories identified in Mandarin and Cantonese are also found in Taiwanese. As with the previous two dialects, these categories are given below, together with examples. And, as with Mandarin and Cantonese, locatum and location verbs appear to be least common, then goal verbs next, and instrument verbs being the commonest.

(4) Categories in Taiwanese

1. Locatum verbs

e.g. 膏 /ko.24/ 'to grease, lubricate'

點 /tiam.53/ 'to dot, to put a dot on'

漆 /ts'at.21/ 'to paint'

2. Location verbs

e.g. 袋 /te.33/ 'to put into pocket'

冰 /ping.55/ 'to put on top of the ice, to freeze'

套 /t'o.21/ 'to put into a case/ cover'

3. Goal verbs

e.g. 分 /pun.55/ 'to divide into portions'

扎 /tsa?.21/ 'to bind (into a bundle)'

包 /pau.55/ 'to pack/wrap up'

4. Instrument verbs

e.g. 鼻 /p'i^N.33/ 'to smell'

鍋 /we.33/ 'to cook in a pot'

舐 /tsi.33/ 'to lick'

ENDNOTES (Numbers 4 through 9)
4. The equivalent in Mandarin is 漆 qi. [BACK]

5. The absence of tonal derivation in these modern Cantonese pairs is the result of extending the tone on the noun members of the original, historical noun-verb pairs (via tonal derivation) to the corresponding verbs, creating new homophonous noun-verb pairs in Cantonese. [BACK]

6. This pair is used by older speakers only. This noun-verb pair is provided by Roxana Fung, who also contributed a few other pairs to the Cantonese corpus. [BACK]

7. 頁 ye as a denominal verb meaning 'to turn a page' is also found in Zhongshan Cantonese, the native dialect of one of the co-authors. [BACK]

8. See note 5 for a discussion of the absence of tonal derivation in the pairs in List F for Cantonese, which is also relevant here for Taiwanese. [BACK]

9. Actually, both noun-verb pairs are found in Mandarin: 膏 gao/gao in List B where the verb is in Tone 4 (< Qusheng), and 磨 mo/mo in List C, where the noun is in Tone 4 (< Qusheng). In other words, historically-speaking, the two Taiwanese cases had undergone some irregular tone changes. [BACK]

[ TITLE PAGE | MID SECTION | FINAL SECTION ]
Return to Publications Page.
Copyright (c) 1997 Marjorie K.M. Chan. All rights reserved.
Created 9 December 1997.
URL: http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/chan9/articles/naccl6-b.htm

		NOUN		VERB
1.	車	/ts'e.55/ 'a car, machine'	車	/ts'e.55/ 'to drive (s.o. s.wh.), to be hit by a car, to sew (w. sewing machine), etc.'
2.	煲	/pou.55/ 'a kettle, pot'	煲	/pou.55/ 'to boil, to cook in water'
3.	泵	/pam.55/ 'a pump' ( 'pump')	泵	/pam.55/ 'to pump'
4.	轆	/luk.5/ 'a roller, wheel'	轆	/luk.5/ 'to roll, to crush under the wheels'
5.	鉸	/kaau.33/ 'a hinge'	鉸	/kaau.33/ 'to install (TV's, etc.), to adjust setting w. a knob'
6.	枳	/tsat.5/ 'a cork'	枳	/tsat.5/ 'to cork'
7.	夾	/kip.2/ 'a clip' ( 'clip')	夾	/kip.2/ 'to clip'
8.	婁	/lau.55/ 'cloak, coat'	摟	/lau.55/ 'to drape over shoulders'
9.	袋	/toi.22/ 'a bag, sack, pocket'	袋	/toi.22/ 'to bag, to sack, to put into the pocket'
10.	油	/yau.21/ 'oil' (/yau.35/ 'oil paint, varnish')	油	/yau.21/ 'to paint (e.g., the house)' [4]
11.	影	/ying.35/ 'shadow, image'	影	/ying.35/ 'to photograph'
12.	隔	/kaak.3/ 'a partition, a (square) slot'	隔	/kaak.3/ 'to partition'
13.	筒	/t'ung.21/ ( 桶 /t'ung.35/) tube, pipe'	捅	/t'ung.35/ 'to insert into a a pipe/tube'
14.	摔	/soet.5/ 'a bolt (for door, gate)'	摔	/soet.5/ 'to bolt (door, gate)'
15.	遮	/tse.55/ 'an umbrella'	遮	/tse.55/ 'to shelter w. umbrella'
16.	槌	/ts'oey.21/ 'a mallet, pestle'	搥	/ts'oey.21/ 'to pound, beat'
17.	刮	/kwaat.3/ 'a scraper'	刮	/kwaat.3/ 'to scrape'
18.	送	/sung.33/ 'food accompanying a meal'	送	/sung.33/ 'to accompany/ be eaten w. rice'
19.	鍤	/ts'aap.3/ 'a plug'	插	/ts'aap.3/ 'to plug'
20.	渡	/tou.22/ 'a ferry-boat'	渡	/tou.22/ 'to ferry'

		NOUN		VERB
1.	釘	/ting.55/ 'a nail' (/teng.55/)	釘	/ting.55/ 'to nail' (/teng.55/)
2.	稱	/ts'ing.33/ 'a scale'	稱	/ts'ing.33/ 'to weigh'
3.	掃	/sou.33/ 'a broom, duster'	掃	/sou.33/ 'to dust, to sweep'

		NOUN		VERB
1.	磅	/pong.22/ 'a scale' ( 'pound')	磅	/pong.22/ 'to weigh'
2.	包	/paau.55/ 'a pack, package'	包	/paau.55/ 'to pack/wrap up'
3.	鉋	/p'aau.21/ 'a plane'	刨	/p'aau.21/ 'to plane wood'
4.	鞭	/pin.55/ 'a whip'	鞭	/pin.55/ 'to whip'
5.	冰	/ping.55/ 'ice'	冰	/ping.55/ 'to put on ice, to freeze'
6.	擦	/ts'aat.3/ 'a brush'	擦	/ts'aat.3/ 'to brush'
7.	叉	/ch'a.55/ 'a fork'	叉	/ch'a.55/ 'to fork'
8.	鏟	/ts'aan.35/ 'a shovel'	鏟	/ts'aan.35/ 'to shovel' (剷)
9.	鋤	/ts'o.21/ 'a hoe'	鋤	/ts'o.21/ 'to hoe'
10.	串	/ts'yn.33/ 'a string (i.e., of s.t.)	串	/ts'yn.33/ 'to string tog.'
11.	銼	/tso.33/ 'a file'	銼	/tso.33/ 'to file' (剉)
12.	滴	/tik.2/ 'a drip, drop'	滴	/tik.2/ 'to drip'
13.	點	/tim.35/ 'a dot'	點	/tim.35/ 'to dot, to put a dot on'
14.	墊	/tsin.33/ 'a cushion'	墊	/tsin.33/ 'to cushion'
			墊	/tin.22/ 'a cushion'
			墊	/tin.33/ 'to fill up/prop up'
15.	疊	/taap.3/ 'a stack/pile (of s.t.)'	疊	/taap.3/ 'to stack/pile'
16.	頂	/teng.35/ 'top of the head'	頂	/ting.35/ 'to carry on head'
17.	毒	/tuk.2/ 'poison'	毒	/tuk.2/ 'to poison'
18.	堆	/toey.55/ 'a mound, pile'	堆	/toey.55/ 'to pile up'
19.	鉤	/ngau.55/ 'a hook'	鉤	/ngau.55/ 'to hook'
20.	糊	/wu.21/ 'paste'	糊	/wu.21/ 'to paste'
21.	劃	/waak.2/ 'a stroke' (畫)	劃	/waak.2/ 'to form a stroke' (畫)
22.	夾	/kaap.3/ 'a clip'	夾	/kaap.3/ 'to clip'
23.	架	/ka.33/ 'a shelf, frame'	架	/ka.33/ 'to build framework to support'
24.	卷	/kyn.35/ 'a roll (of s.t.)	捲	kyn.35/ 'to roll up'
25.	鋸	/koe.33/ 'a saw' (/koe.33/)	鋸	/koe3./ 'to saw' (/koe.33/)
26.	釦	/k'au.33/ 'a button'	扣	/k'au.33/ 'to button'
27.	綑	/k'wan.35/ 'a bundle (of s.t.)'	捆	/k'wan.35/ 'to bundle'
28.	鑷	/nip.2/ 'tweezers'	鑷	/nip.2/ 'to pluck'
29.	耙	/p'a.21/ 'a rake, harrow'	耙	/p'a.21/ 'to rake, harrow'
30.	拍	/paak.3/ 'a bat, racket'	拍	/paak.3/ 'to bounce (ball)'
31.	片	/p'in.33/ 'a slice (of s.t.)'	片	/p'in.33/ 'to slice'
32.	鉗	/k'im.21/ 'pincers'	鉗	/k'im.21/ 'to pinch'
33.	圈	/hyn.55/ 'a circle'	圈	/hyn.55/ 'to mark w. circle'
34.	篩	/sai.55/ 'a sieve, sifter'	篩	/sai.55/ 'to sieve, sift'
35.	梳	/so.55/ 'a comb'	梳	/so.55/ 'to comb'
36.	束	/ts'uk.5/ 'a bundle (of s.t.)'	束	/ts'uk.5/ 'to bundle/tie up'
37.	刷	/ts'aat.3/ 'a brush'	刷	/ts'aat.3/ 'to brush'
38.	閂	/saan.55/ 'a bar (for door, gate)'	閂	/saan.55/ 'to bar/bolt (door, gate)'
39.	鎖	/so.35/ 'a lock, padlock'	鎖	/so.35/ 'to lock, padlock'
40.	套	/t'ou.33/ 'a case, cover'	套	/t'ou.33/ 'to put into a case'
41.	網	/mong.13/ 'a net'	網	/mong.13/ 'to net'
42.	印	/yan.33/ 'a seal'	印	/yan.33/ 'to stamp w. a seal'
43.	紮	/tsaat.3/ 'a bundle'	扎	/tsaat.3/ 'to bind (into a bundle)'
44.	鑿	/tsok.2/ 'a chisel'	鑿	/tsok.2/ 'to chisel'
45.	閘	/tsaap.2/ 'a floodgate'	閘	/tsaap.2/ 'to dam up water'
46.	罩	/tsau.33/ 'a cover, shade'	罩	/tsau.33/ 'to cover, shade'
47.	指	/tsi.35/ 'finger'	指	/tsi.35/ 'to point w. finger'
48.	錐	/tsoey.55/ 'an awl'	錐	/tsoey.55/ 'to pierce'

		NOUN		VERB
1.	種	/tsung.35/ 'a seed'	種	/tsung.33/ 'to plant, grow'
2.	枕	/tsam.35/ 'a pillow'	枕	/tsam.33/ 'to rest on a pillow'
3.	間	/kaan.55/ 'a partition'	間	/kaan.33/ 'to partition'
4.	中	/tsung.55/ 'center'	中	/tsung.33/ 'to hit the target'

		NOUN		VERB
1.	擔	end of a shoulder pole'	擔	/taam.55/ 'to carry on a shoulder pole'
2.	畫	/wa.22/ 'drawing, painting'	畫	/waak.2/ 'to draw, paint'
3.	磨	/mo.22/ 'a mill'	磨	/mo.21/ 'to grind'
4.	份	/fan.22/ 'a portion'	分	/fan.55/ 'to divide into portions'

		NOUN		VERB
1.	[ ]*	/lei.22/ 'tongue' (* 肉 radical + 利)	[ ]*	/laai.35/ 'to lick' (* 舌 radical + 賴 )
2.	皮	/p'ei.21/ 'skin'	[ ]*	/p'ai.55/ 'to peel (skin)' (* 皮 + 刀 radical ) (批 ) (/p'ei.55/)
3.	鹽	/yim.21/ 'salt'	醃	/yim.55/ 'to preserve w. salt' (/yip.3/))
4.	[ ]	/t'aap.35/ 'a lock'	[ ]	/t'aap.3/ 'to lock' [6]

1.	Locatum verbs
	e.g.	油	/yau.21/ 'to paint (e.g., the house)',
		摟	/lau.55/ 'to drape over shoulders',
		[ ]*	/p'ai.55/ 'to peel (skin)' (* 皮 + 刀radical ) (批 )

2.	Location verbs
	e.g.	捅	/t'ung.35/ 'to insert into a pipe/tube'
		袋	/toi.22/ 'to bag, to put into pocket',
		枕	/tsam.33/ 'to rest on a pillow'

3.	Goal verbs
	e.g.	劃	/waak.2/ 'to form a stroke' (畫)
		影	/ying.35/ 'to photograph'
		隔	/kaak.3/ 'to partition'

4.	Instrument verbs
	e.g.	車	/ts'e.55/ 'to drive (s.o. s.wh.), to be hit by a car, to sew (w. sewing machine)'
		煲	/pou.55/ 'to boil, to cook in water'
		泵	/pam.55/ 'to pump'

		NOUN		VERB
1.	紐	/liu.53/ 'a button'	紐	/liu.53/ 'to button'
2.	鼻	/p'i^N.33/ 'a nose'	鼻	/p'i^N.33/ 'to smell'
3.	綢	/tiu.24/ 'silk'	綢	/tiu.24/ 'to filter with silk'
4.	袋	/te.33/ 'pocket'	袋	/te.33/ 'to put into pocket'
5.	蜜	/bit.21/ 'honey'	蜜	/bit.21/ 'to preserve with honey/sugar'
6.	筅	/ts'ing.53/ 'a duster'	筅	/ts'ing.53/ 'to dust with a duster'
7.	頁	/ya?.53/ 'a page'	頁	/ya?.53/ 'to turn the page' [7]
8.	針	/tsiam.55/ 'a needle'	針	/tsiam.55/ 'to give s.o. a shot with a needle'
9.	[ ]*	/t'ai.55/ 'a sieve, sifter' (*竹 radical + 希)	[ ]*	/t'ai.55/ 'to sieve, sift' (* 竹 radical + 希)
10.	[ ]*	/kau.55/ 'a plane' (* 手 + 區 )	[ ]*	/kau.55/ 'to plane' (* 手 + 區 )

		NOUN		VERB
1.	稱	/ts'in.21/ 'a scale'	稱	/tsin.21/ 'to weigh'
2.	鑽	/tsng.21/ 'a drill'	鑽	/tsng.21/ 'to drill'

		NOUN		VERB
1.	磅	/pong.33/ 'a scale (that weighs in avoirdupois)' ('pound (lb.)')	磅	/pong.33/ 'to weigh'
2.	包	/pau.55/ 'a pack, package'	包	/pau.55/ 'to pack/wrap up'
3.	錛	/pun.55/ 'an adze'	錛	/pun.55/ 'to adze'
4.	畚	/pun.55/ 'a scoop'	畚	/pun.55/ 'to scoop'
5.	濱	/pin.55/ 'bank, shore'	濱	/pin.55/ 'to border on (sea, etc.)'
6.	冰	/ping.55/ 'ice'	冰	/ping.55/ 'to put on ice, to freeze'
7.	叉	/ts'e.55/ 'a fork'	叉	/ts'e.55/ 'to fork'
8.	錘	/t'ui.24/ 'a hammer'	捶	/t'ui.24/ 'to hammer'
9.	滴	/ti?.53/ 'a drip, drop'	滴	/ti?.53/ 'to drip'
10.	點	/tiam.53/ 'a dot'	點	/tiam.53/ 'to dot, to put a dot on'
11.	堆	/tui.55/ 'a mound, pile'	堆	/tui.55/ 'to pile up'
12.	鉤	/kau.55/ 'a hook'	鉤	/kau.55/ 'to hook'
13.	糊	/ko.24/ 'paste'	糊	/ko.24/ 'to paste'
14.	夾	/kiap.21/ 'a clip'	夾	/kiap.21/ 'to clip'
15.	卷	/kng.53/ 'a roll (of s.t.)'	捲	/kng.53/ 'to roll up'
16.	鋸	/ku.21/ 'a saw'	鋸	/ku.21/ 'to saw'
17.	銬	/k'au.21/ 'handcuffs'	銬	/k'au.21/ 'to handcuff'
18.	犁	/lui.24/ 'a plow'	犁	/lui.24/ 'to plow'
19.	面	/bi^N.33/ 'face'	面	/bi^N.33/ 'to face'
20.	碾	/lian.53/ 'a roller (for grains)'	碾	/lian.53/ 'to grind/husk w. a roller'
21.	鑷	/ge?.21/ 'tweezers'	鑷	/ge?.21/ 'to pick up s.t. w. tweezers'
22.	耙	/pe.24/ 'a rake, harrow'	耙	/pe.24/ 'to rake, harrow'
23.	漆	/ts'at.21/ 'paint'	漆	/ts'at.21/ 'to paint'
24.	鉗	/k'i^N.24/ 'pliers'	鉗	/k'i^N.24/ 'to grip w. pliers'
25.	圈	/k'uan.24/ 'a circle'	圈	/k'uan.24/ 'to encircle, mark w. a circle'
26.	梳	/sue.55/ 'a comb'	梳	/sue.55/ 'to comb'
27.	閂	/sng.55/ 'a bar (for door, gate)'	閂	/sng.55/ 'to bar/bolt (door)'
28.	鎖	/so.53/ 'a lock'	鎖	/so.53/ 'to lock'
29.	套	/t'o.21/ 'a case, cover'	套	/t'o.21/ 'to put into a case'
30.	網	/bang.33/ 'a net'	網	/bang.33/ 'to net'
31.	鑿	/ts'ak.53/ 'a chisel'	鑿	/ts'ak.53/ 'to chisel'
32.	閘	/tsa?.53/ 'floodgate'	閘	/tsa?.53/ 'to dam up water'
33.	紮	/tsa?.21/ 'a bundle'	扎	/tsa?.21/ 'to bind (into a bundle)'
34.	錐	/tsng.53/ 'an awl'	錐	/tsng.53/ 'to pierce'

		NOUN		VERB
1.	釘	/ting.55/ 'a nail'	釘	/ting.21/ 'to nail'
2.	毒	/tok.53/ 'poison'	毒	/t'au.33/ 'to poison'
3.	間	/king.55/ 'space between'	間	/kan.21/ 'to create a space between'
4.	中	/tiong.55/ 'center'	中	/tiong.21/ 'to hit center'
5.	種	/tsing.53/ 'a seed'	種	/tsing.21/ 'to plant, grow'
6.	舌	/tsi?.53/ 'tongue'	舐	/tsi.33/ 'to lick'
7.	空	/k'ang.55/ 'empty space, hole'	空	/k'ang.21/ 'to make empty
8.	鍋	/we.55/ 'a pot'	鍋	/we.33/ 'to cook in a pot'

		NOUN		VERB
1.	擔	/ta^N.21/ 'a carrying pole and loads on it'	擔	/ta^N.55/ 'to carry on a shoulder pole'
2.	份	/hun.33/ 'a portion'	分	/pun.55/ 'to divide into portions'

		NOUN		VERB
1.	膏	/ko.55/ 'grease, ointment'	膏	/ko.24/ 'to grease, lubricate'
2.	磨	/bo.24/ 'a millstone'	磨	/bua.24/ 'to grind'